Environmental Defense Fund. Aspen and M.Cubed reviewed economic modeling by the California Air Resources Board Staff used to assess the Proposed Scoping Plan to meet greenhouse gas emission reduction goals specified in AB 32. The review found that the available modeling techniques were unlikely to capture the potential impacts from induced technological innovation, nor was the data or analysis available to quantitatively discern the differences between market-based and direct-control regulatory approaches. The report proposed that instead the CARB should rely on previous analyses that indicate the potential gains from using market-based programs.